The world’s water reserves on Earth are enormous. However, they are mostly the salty water of the world’s oceans. The reserves of fresh water, for which people have a particularly great need, are insignificant and exhaustible. In many parts of the world there is a shortage for irrigation, industry, drinking, and other household needs.
Most fresh water is concentrated in the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland. The third largest source of water is groundwater.
Concentration of Freshwater
During the last years, the water demand has increased by a factor of 10 for rough estimates. The ratio of water inflow and outflow, taking into account changes in water supply over a selected time interval for a particular object is called the water balance.
In general, atmospheric precipitation, condensation of moisture, horizontal transport and deposition of snow, surface and ground inflow, evaporation, surface and ground runoff, change of moisture reserves in the soil, etc. are subject to accounting.
Under water resources, in the broad sense of the word, all kinds of water, which are in the Earth, on its surface, and in the atmosphere, are perceived. In narrower understanding, water resources are understood as those natural waters, which can be used at the present time by managing their regime, as well as waters, which can be used in the nearest future and on which management is being carried out.
Based on this definition, the concept of “water resources” includes only fresh waters of a dryland. In practice, river runoff and exploitable groundwater are currently included in this category of water available for use.
Water resources are considered to be physically inexhaustible, but in their location and flow regime they withstand direct and indirect influence of other components of the natural complex and anthropogenic pressure, as a result of which they differ in significant variations and uneven distribution, as well as in their qualitative characteristics.
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